Alexandria Egypt: A Complete Guide to History, Monuments, and Hidden Gems
The Founding of Alexandria: How and Why Alexander Chose the Site
Many history buffs ask: How was Alexandria founded? The city was not merely "discovered"; it was meticulously chosen. Before the great city rose, the area was occupied by a small Egyptian fishing village called Rhacotis and the island of Pharos just offshore.
Legend has it that Alexander the Great, driven by a dream in which the poet Homer described a specific strip of land, identified this location as the perfect site. He saw the strategic potential of the natural harbor protected by the island. Alexander ordered his architect to build a massive causeway to connect the island to the mainland. This engineering feat transformed a humble village into the greatest port of the ancient world.
Origin of the Name: Why is it called Alexandria?
While Alexander founded nearly twenty cities bearing his name, Alexandria in Egypt was the only one destined to become the "Queen of the Mediterranean." He named it after himself to establish a permanent Greek foothold that would supersede ancient capitals like Memphis.
Alexander’s vision was to create a cosmopolitan center that would unify the East and the West. His general, Ptolemy I Soter, realized this dream, turning the city into a beacon of science where the Great Library of Alexandria once stood, illuminating the ancient world for centuries.
Top Historical Sites and Monuments in Alexandria
Beyond the coastal views, the true soul of the city lies in its deep history. To understand the city, you must visit these must-see archaeological sites in Alexandria:
- The Catacombs of Kom El Shoqafa: Considered one of the Seven Wonders of the Middle Ages, this underground Roman necropolis is a stunning example of cultural fusion. It features statues that look Egyptian but wear Roman clothes—a perfect artistic marriage found nowhere else on earth.
- Pompey’s Pillar (Amoud El Sawari): Standing tall amidst the ruins of the Serapeum, this massive red granite column is the largest of its kind outside of Rome. It is one of the most famous ancient Roman monuments in Egypt.
- The Roman Amphitheatre: Located in Kom El Deka, this is the only Roman amphitheatre discovered in Egypt. Its marble steps once seated hundreds of spectators, offering a glimpse into the daily social life of the Roman era.
The Sunken City of Alexandria: New Underwater Discoveries
Perhaps the most fascinating aspect of modern tourism here is the underwater archaeology in Alexandria. Due to ancient earthquakes, parts of the royal quarter, including Cleopatra’s palace and the remains of the ancient Lighthouse of Alexandria, sank into the harbor.
In recent decades, divers have made breathtaking discoveries in the Eastern Harbor and the nearby sunken city of Heracleion-Thonis. Archaeologists have retrieved colossal statues and sphinxes from the seabed. Currently, there are ambitious plans to build an underwater museum in Alexandria, which would allow visitors to view these submerged treasures, cementing the city's status as a place of mystery.
Modern Attractions: Best Things to See and Do in Alexandria
While history is the foundation, the modern city offers plenty of delights for travelers:
- Bibliotheca Alexandrina: A modern architectural marvel honoring the ancient library, featuring a stunning sun-disk design.
- Qaitbay Citadel: A 15th-century fortress built on the site of the ancient Lighthouse, offering panoramic views of the sea.
- Montaza Palace Gardens: Lush royal gardens perfect for a relaxing stroll among palm trees and historic palaces.
- The Corniche: A scenic coastal road lined with markets and views of the blue Mediterranean waters.
A Culinary Journey: Best Food and Street Eats in Alexandria
No visit is complete without diving into the best food in Alexandria Egypt. As a port city, it offers fresh seafood prepared with a unique Alexandrian twist. You must try the city’s signature street food: "Alexandrian Liver" (Kebda Iskandarani), a spicy delicacy served in sandwiches. For dessert, indulge in rice pudding or visit vintage cafes in Alexandria founded by Greeks and Italians, serving ice cream and treats that taste like nostalgia.
Best Time to Visit Alexandria Egypt
Spring (March to May) and autumn (September to November) are the ideal times to visit, offering pleasant weather and fewer crowds. Summer is popular for beachgoers, while winter offers a peaceful, misty charm known as "The Nwa" (seasonal storms). Whether you are looking for a romantic escape or a cultural journey, Alexandria welcomes you with open arms and the eternal whisper of history.